This article examines the process of the development of political modernity in Iran between 1941 and 1953, with a focus on the agency of institutional structures. The central problem addressed in this study is that political modernity in Iran became problematic at the stage of consolidation, ultimately resulting in a regression to authoritarianism. Drawing on empirical evidence, the article argues that Iranian society experienced this breakdown in political modernity, and the consequent resurgence of authoritarian rule, particularly in the years 1948 and 1953.

Following the substantiation of this problem, the article poses the research question: How can the failure to consolidate political modernity in Iran between 1941 and 1953 be explained? The theoretical model is grounded in a combinatory approach that integrates multiple causal factors. Methodologically, the study employs a comparative-historical method, combining within-case analysis with causal explanation.

The findings suggest that the failure to consolidate political modernity in this period can be attributed to the interplay of several causal conditions: the weak institutionalization of the political system, evidenced by the dissolution of parliament, postponement of elections, and suppression of political parties and associations; the lack of separation of powers and the manipulation or repeal of enacted laws; the absence of a clear boundary between civil society and the state; the marginal presence of individual and civic rights in the constitution; and the detrimental role of foreign actors in shaping domestic political developments.