Tarbiat Modares University
Journal of Historical Sociology
2322-1941
7
1
2015
5
1
Conjunctural Analysis: beyond the Theory/Method Dualism in Cultural Studies
1
36
FA
M.
Rezaei
Assistant Professor, Department of Sociology, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
H.
Aghajanzadeh
MA, Department of Cultural Studies, University of Science and Culture, Tehran, Iran
By reviewing the current methodological topics in cultural studies, yet some kinds of theory/method dualisms are distinguishable. Going beyond these dualisms, requires emphasizing the importance of qualitative researches in cultural studies. In this article, we try to discuss the problem, which is focused on the dualistic contentions in the methodology of sociology and cultural studies. Next, with respect to the politics of theory and politics of method in cultural studies, we try to introduce an analytical approach, which helps us out to move beyond these dualistic quarrels. This analytical approach is well-known as “conjunctural analysis”. In this article, after detailed presenting this approach, and its conceptual origins that developed by Machiavelli, Marx, Lenin, Gramsci and Althusser, we argue how this approach can be applied in cultural studies. This argument reminds us that there is an intensive relationship between decentering method/theory dualism and possibilities of a cultural study as interventionist and contextual knowledge that is sensitive to history.
Tarbiat Modares University
Journal of Historical Sociology
2322-1941
7
1
2015
5
1
Historical Analysis of Relationship between Siadat and Kalantar Position in the Safavid Era
37
57
FA
S. H.
Aghajari
Assistant Professor of History, University of Tarbiat Modares, Tehran,Iran
H.
Allahyari
Assistant Professor of History, University of the Persian Gulf, Bushehr, Iran
Set in the realm of politics and religion in the Safavid period’s approaches, The Sadat have a significant presence in this era. This presence can be followed in specific and non-specific postions.in this context, Kalantar in the Safavid research was included as non-specific postions. Studies show that the presence of Sadat in this post ion is more comprehensive than in other non-specific jobs. This phenomenon has been observed even when inheritance was considered. This study is an attempt to provide statistical analysis and causal explanations to check the significant presence of Sadat in Kalantar position, so, extraction of the names of all Kalantar Sadat has been taken into account. The results show that Kalantar position with intermediate overlay (government-people) had a direct relationship with Siadat that contained social status and state function. So both Safavids and the then society in the equal opportunity used to choose Sadat for this job. This study further reveals in this phenomenon, inheritance is considerd.
Tarbiat Modares University
Journal of Historical Sociology
2322-1941
7
1
2015
5
1
Historical Approch on Social Capital Theory; Fromation and Evolution
59
86
FA
M. A.
Akbari
Associate Professor of History at the University martyr Beheshti, Tehran, Iran
The idea of social capital is a continuation of Karl Marx theory on the concept of economic capital. Development of theories about human capital, cultural capital and social capital has brought new aspects to the concept of capital. This paper is looking at the historical context in which social capital as a theory was found and its framework was shaped and also how it has been developed theoretically throughout the course of history. This research is mainly based on historical method, and is specifically looking at the history of ideas. The outcome of research showed that the theory of social capital was found as a result of concentration on the value of relationships and connections in a social group. Afterwards, it led to the discovery of some kind of collective capital and its position in certain social relationships. Finally, the new concept of social capital was developed as a combination of Social Relations Theory, effective social norms and social trust. Moreover, the emergence of cognitive theories and different cognitive narrations of social capital developed a new point of view in the Theory of Social Capital.
Tarbiat Modares University
Journal of Historical Sociology
2322-1941
7
1
2015
5
1
Theory of Constructivism and Absolutist State Formation in Iran Period of Reza Shah
87
119
FA
M.
Abedi Ardekani
Associate Professor of Political Science, University of Yazd, Iran
F.
Azrkamand
Graduate student in political science, University of Yazd, Iran
Since the formation of absolutist state by King Reza in Iran, there are so many approaches about how it has formed. There are, generally, two main approaches that stand against each other. One approach is monarchism, and its advocates, by following Marcs Weber, believe that King Reza’s absolutism state can be considered as monarchism, and choose an elitism approach. In contrast, some people insist on structural factors. In their opinion, structures play an important role in absolutism state formation and the agent (King Reza) cannot be so important. In this study, Gidenz structuration approach has been adopted that might be a medium approach; we tried to investigate the reciprocal role of structure and agent. Structuration is a method that concentrates on both the agent’s role in context, and cooperative and reciprocal transaction between structure and agent. With these considerations, the present article has been organized around two central questions: How to make and adopt an intermediate approach: and How the absolutist state was formed?
Tarbiat Modares University
Journal of Historical Sociology
2322-1941
7
1
2015
5
1
Sociological Analysis of Taqizadeh's Thought and Political action (Regarding to Constitutionalism Era)
121
157
FA
A.
Mohammadzadeh
Assistant Professor of Political Sciences ,Islamic Azad University, Shahrood, Iran
This paper intends to identify Seyyed Hassan Taqizadeh's thought and its social and mental bases, and analyze his political action as an Intellectual and political actor in the era of constitutionalism according to the historical sociology approach with regard to the sociology of knowledge. Mannheim's sociology of knowledge focuses on some traits such as social position, dependence of thought to social background, and historicality of thought, and to some extend pays attention to person subjective. These are competent elements, which were used for recognizing Taqizadeh's thought and the process of becoming an active political actor. Besides, this paper uses the concept of action in its details to understand the type of Taqizadeh's action and its relation to his social and intellectual bases. According to these facts, the paper tries to answer how and to some extend why such relation exists between Taqizadeh's thought and his political action. It concludes that Taqizadeh's family position, social rank, social environment, and experiential and humanity sciences, especially evolutionism, as well as his former knowledge of Islam are the main bases of his modernity. With regard to these foundations, it should not be wondered that Taqizadeh's thought and political action are mixture of Islam, liberalism and socialism.
Tarbiat Modares University
Journal of Historical Sociology
2322-1941
7
1
2015
5
1
Theoretical Approaches to the Construction and Executive Operation of Government in the History of Iran
159
177
FA
Naser
Sedghi
Associate Professor, Department of History, University of Tabriz, Iran
In the theoretical studies about the government in the history of Iran, the three types of political systems, "righteous" and "devout" Kingdom, the "totalitarian" of "Oriental despotism" and "feudal" state have been studied. The first view was raised by the secretaries such as the agents of Iranian monarchy and the intellectual elite of political thought of Iranshahri. Two other views belong to the orientalism intellectual discourse. Generally, in the studies that belong to the western scholars, the government in the history of Iran has been described as an example of "oriental despotism" and "patrimonialism" on the dominant bureaucracy. While the Marxist-Leninist Scholars have defined the government in history Iran as a feudal structure and representative of feudal classes. All of the discussed views about the construction and function of government in the history of Iran are ideological and one-sided, Because all of these analytical approaches are discourses of the power. For this reason, a critical study of the intellectual field of these theoretical approaches about the understanding of the government in the history of Iran is the basic purpose of the present study.
Tarbiat Modares University
Journal of Historical Sociology
2322-1941
7
1
2015
5
1
A Comparative Study of the Public Sphere Openings in the West and Iran: the Coffee House and Its Historical Significance
179
204
FA
seyyed hossein
athari
Assistant Profesor of Political Sciences, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran
S.
Zamani2
PhD student in Political Sociology, Allameh Tabatabai University, Tehran, Iran
The public sphere is place for discussion and criticism of powers that Habermas, for first times has introduced theoretically and connected its history the to European saloons and coffee houses. This notion that the formation of the public sphere is special to the West does not look quite right because there was the same experience in the Safavid period. However the main point is that the continuation of the trend in the West and Iran is varied historically, politically and socially. This historical and descriptive-analytical study would attempt to prove that the West's public sphere or criticism of power started in the royal court and then spread to the community, but in contrast to the West, criticism of power and dialogue on general issues in Iran Were especially formed in coffee houses and later transferred to the royal court. Coinciding with the Safavid rule power, the religion (Shiism) could be the official state religion and spread in different ways, such as by Shi'ite ceremonies and rituals as a form of public discussion and criticism. Thus the public sphere from Safavid Iran to the Pahlavi had religious and public from which found a political and religious public from since 1960s.
Tarbiat Modares University
Journal of Historical Sociology
2322-1941
7
1
2015
5
1
A Study of the Iron Tools Use and Its Role in Technological Developments and Social and Economic Evolutions in the Late Iron Age Societies (with Emphasis on the West and Northwest of Iran)
205
225
FA
K.
Mollazadeh
Associate Professor in Archaeology, Bu- Ali Sina University, Hamadan, Iran
For the first time, invention of iron production technique emerged by the Hittite in Anatolia, in the mid-second millennium BC. (about 1200 BC). Hittite government collapsed and iron production technology expanded to the adjacent areas, including Iran. Soon iron was used for production of various tools, equipments, weapons, ornaments and other items. In Iran, the first iron objected, in a limited number, appeared among the remains of Iron Age I (1200-1450 BC). Iron objects are much more in the Iron Age II (1200-800BC). In the first half of the first millennium BC the widespread use of iron for making tools led to rapid technological advances and extensive changes in the social and economic structures. In this paper, the role of iron production technology in these extensive changes will be studied.
Tarbiat Modares University
Journal of Historical Sociology
2322-1941
7
1
2015
5
1
Methods of Trade in Iranian Neolithic Societies
227
261
FA
A.
Pourfaraj
Assistant Professor, Allameh Tabataba'i University, Tehran, Iran
Exchange and trade have had an important role in the progress of human society. Since exchange is the result of production, and production began for the first time in Iranian Neolithic, thus Iran is the center of the first exchanges in the world. Near Easern Neolithic is known as the era of food-production revolution. Gordon Child has identified three revolutions during the human history. The first one is called “food production revolution”, which has happened in Iranian Neolithic. The secand revolution is “urnaban revolution” belenging to the Bronze Age of Near East and Iran. The third is “industrial revolution”, which was occurred in Europe. In this article, we will consider exchange and trade during the first revolution period. This paper has tried to explain the following: Introducing the Neolithic age with economic approach; Explain scientific theories about trade in the prehistoric era; Identify common models about trade and adapted models of the Iranian Neolithic and Chalcolithic eras; Analyze and explain the oldest commercial material of the world, (Obsidian) based on the archaeological findings of Iran; Study, the first counting objects and commercial seals at the Sites like sialk Kashan and Goytappe in Western Azarbaijan.
Tarbiat Modares University
Journal of Historical Sociology
2322-1941
7
1
2015
5
1
Analysis of Broad Cultural Area of Nishabur in the Early and Middle Centuries of the Islamic Period Based on Written Sources (Case Study: Buzhgan City)
263
276
FA
H.
Basafa
Assistant Professor, of Archaeology, University of Nishapur, Iran
Mahdiye
Rahmati
MA in Archaeology, Golestan University, Gorgan, Iran
Cultural area is a geographical area in which an approximately large of group with shared cultural characteristics are present. In the Islamic period, Nishabur city (the remains of which are located in the South East of the modern city of Nishabur), Balkh, Merv and Heart were the four quarters of Great Khorasan in the early centuries until the Mongol invasion, from which only Nishabur in Iran has remained. Based on the historical and geographical sources of the early and middle centuries of the Islamic period, Nishabur has had a broad cultural context, including twelve provinces, a dozen quarters, as well as several towns and villages. Buzhgan, as one of the easternmost twelve provinces of Nishabur, is located within Nilabad Plain, 17 km southeast of Torbatejam, and has been the result of interaction between climatic conditions and political, economic and social relations as in close association with the capital city of Nishabur in the first to seventh centuryies (AH). In this paper, the literature on Buzhgan has been dealt with using a historical analysis approach. The evaluation of written sources indicates the distinct political, economic and cultural role of Nishabur as the most important eastern province in the road from Nishabur to Heart.
Tarbiat Modares University
Journal of Historical Sociology
2322-1941
7
1
2015
5
1
Analysis of the Achaemenid Plan of Achaemenian Palaces and Its Influence on Parthian and Sassanid Society Architecture
277
303
FA
Ali Reza
Hejebri Nobari
Professor, Department of Archaeology, University of Tarbiat Modares, Tehran, Iran
S.
Mohajer vatan
Student, Master of Archaeology, University of Tarbiat Modares, Tehran, Iran
Reza
Afhami
Assistant Professor of of Art, University of Tarbiat Modares, Tehran, Iran
The aim of this article is to review the process of plan changes from rectangular shapes to square, and the reasons for these changes through the Achaemenid dynasty. The innovation of using square plans in the second stage of Achaemenid architecture progressed with its developed style that fatherly left influence on domes construction in Parthian architecture. The ideology of “Darius The Great” and the impact of affiliated nations on his intellect were the reasons, for which the transformation of pre - Achaemenid rectangular to square plans was occurred. The cited phenomenon was studied to be the result of Greek’s cultural impression, regarding the use of numbers and figures in plans. Square plans stepped into Persian architecture as the perfect shapes with respect to Pythagorean philosophy and beliefs of some intellectuals, such as Plato. Square plans were, moreover, adapted to create a new style of architecture; since, they were the bases on which domes were constructed.
Tarbiat Modares University
Journal of Historical Sociology
2322-1941
7
1
2015
5
1
A Study on the Historical Ural Planning of “Sarayan” city
305
327
FA
J.
Neyestani
Associate Professor, Department of Archaeology, University of Tarbiat Modares, Tehran, Iran.
A. A.
Mahmoudi Nasab
M.D Candidate in Archaeology, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
M.
Mousavi Kouhpar
Associate Professor, Department of Archaeology, University of Tarbiat Modares, Tehran, Iran.
A vital consideration must be implied on recognizing and investigating the Ural plannings of old and ancient cities. Old architectural Ural plannings as Iranian civil and culture symbol, are historical documents, which exhibit experiences from old Iranians. Warm regions form a major part of our country. City Ural plannings are totally based on the special warm and dry weather, which provides the responses to the people of the region. Accordingly, a similar condition is considered for all warm and dry regions in Iran. Sarayan is one of the cities located around the central desert of Iran, which contains the ancient and valuable Ural planning proportional to the condition of the region. This city is located in southern Khorasan province and the north western part of this province. Special regional properties, mountains and deserts neighborhood and being along a connective road have made Sarayan a place for residence, which caused its extension and growth. An alive spirit is exposing from past up to now according to different architectures from the Timurid to Pahlavid and six different areas inside the city, as well as distinctive architectures inside each area. This field and library research has been done in order to rebuild the urban Ural planning of Sarayan from Safavid to the first Pahlavid.