@article{ author = {Ataie, Morteza and Neyestani, Javad and Mousavikouhpar, Seyed Mehdi and MousaviHaji, Seyyed Rasool}, title = {Recognition of the Ancient City of AskarMokram on the Basis of Historical and Geographical Texts}, abstract ={The remains of the historical city of AskarMokram are situated in Khuzistan near the Band-e Ghir village in the form of various Tepes (hills) on either sides of the Gargar River. On the basis of historical and geographical sources, the city was established in the second half of the first century during the gradual development of the military camping place of Mokram- ibn- Motraf or Mokram- ibn- Fazar, the servant of Hajaj–ibn-Yusuf Saqafi in the Sasanian village or small city named Rostaqobad; therefore, the city is called “AskarMokram”. The city was gradually developed on either sides of Masroqan River and became famous as the center of Khoreh/Koreh with the same name, and as one of the most important cities of Khuzistan during the Islamic period. The strategic and military situation of the city, which was located in the way of Iraq and Khuzistan to Fars and Lurestan, and was considered before the establishment of the city (and actually is regarded as the main reason of the forming of AskarMokram), made the city more important. It seems that when the irrigation system of Masroqan River and the agricultural economy of the region were declined in the last centuries of the medial Islamic period, the importance of AskarMokram was reduced, and probably the city abandoned completely during the fifteenth century A.D.    In this article, it is attempted to render the comprehensive picture of the city during the Islamic period by the exact study of historical and geographical sources, and make comparison between them.}, Keywords = {AskarMokram,Khuzistan,Rostaqobad,Historical geography,Urbanism}, volume = {6}, Number = {3}, pages = {1-30}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, url = {http://jhs.modares.ac.ir/article-25-5161-en.html}, eprint = {http://jhs.modares.ac.ir/article-25-5161-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Historical Sociology}, issn = {2322-1941}, eissn = {2476-6798}, year = {2014} } @article{ author = {EbadollahiChanzanagh, H. and Avarideh, S.}, title = {Memory of Land Reform: A Case Study in Talesh Township, Gilan province, Iran}, abstract ={The current study investigates the land reform in the collective memory of people who experienced the event. Social cadres of collective memory and presentist approaches were used as theoretical approaches of the study. 20 samples were chosen based on theoretical sampling. Technique of data gathering was deep interview. All the samples were from Talesh township in Gilan province (Iran). The results showed that «class status» was the important social cadre of the samples’ collective memory. The collective memory of the samples with previous landlord and serf class status was different in terms of execution and infringement during the program accomplishment. The past serves recall it as fair and emancipated event. On the contrary, the past landlords remember it as a programme that did not consider minority of the local people’s ownership condition. After class statuas, religion and education were the important social cadres, respectively. The samples who had high religiosity at the time of land reform remembered that it was pretty against religious law. The educated samples had the most comprehensive and holistic view of the event.}, Keywords = {Land reform,Social cadres of collective memory,History from below}, volume = {6}, Number = {3}, pages = {27-58}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, url = {http://jhs.modares.ac.ir/article-25-9998-en.html}, eprint = {http://jhs.modares.ac.ir/article-25-9998-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Historical Sociology}, issn = {2322-1941}, eissn = {2476-6798}, year = {2014} } @article{ author = {}, title = {Memory of Land Reform: A Case Study in Talesh Township, Gilan province, Iran}, abstract ={The current study investigates the land reform in the collective memory of people who experienced the event. Social cadres of collective memory and presentist approaches were used as theoretical approaches of the study. 20 samples were chosen based on theoretical sampling. Technique of data gathering was deep interview. All the samples were from Talesh township in Gilan province (Iran). The results showed that «class status» was the important social cadre of the samples’ collective memory. The collective memory of the samples with previous landlord and serf class status was different in terms of execution and infringement during the program accomplishment. The past serves recall it as fair and emancipated event. On the contrary, the past landlords remember it as a programme that did not consider minority of the local people’s ownership condition. After class statuas, religion and education were the important social cadres, respectively. The samples who had high religiosity at the time of land reform remembered that it was pretty against religious law. The educated samples had the most comprehensive and holistic view of the event.  }, Keywords = {Land reform,Social cadres of collective memory,History from below}, volume = {6}, Number = {3}, pages = {27-58}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, url = {http://jhs.modares.ac.ir/article-25-5474-en.html}, eprint = {http://jhs.modares.ac.ir/article-25-5474-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Historical Sociology}, issn = {2322-1941}, eissn = {2476-6798}, year = {2014} } @article{ author = {Karimian, Hassan and Moghimi, Niloufar}, title = {Sasanian Emperors as the Pioneers of Globalisation: An Investigation on the Ideas of Globalisation in Ancient Iran}, abstract ={“Globalisation” is one of the most influential philosophical thoughts with direct effects on the economic, political and cultural entities of countries in the modern era. Most scholars relate the emergence of this phenomenon to the period after Renascence. However, with little contemplation, one could trace the roots and origins of philosophical thoughts and mythical concepts – of course not in their present form – to ancient civilisations. Doubtless, Sasanian empire (224-651 CE),  with 427 years of glory in the world,s  political arena, can be considered as one of the greatest and most powerful cultural foregrounds of ancient era that was managed by the direct instructions of Zoroastrian philosophers. The founder of this empire (ArdašīrPāpakān: 224-241 CE), in response to the question that why have you risen against your reigning king (Ardavan V Ashkani), clamed: “To make a world with a single-God”. Now, the question is. Can “Ardašīr’s efforts in establishment of a world under governance of a single God” be counted as the first efforts toward unification of the world and the initial steps in globalisation? – efforts that were accompanied by practices and widespread endeavours. The principal hypothesis is that the thoughts of globalisation were nurtured in the thoughts of Zoroastrians’ eminent Mōbads and practiced by the founder of Sasanians Empire. The main aim of the present research is to investigate the first veinsofglobalisation notions and the associated practical measures of Sasanian kings. In doing so, all of the Sasanian historical and archaeological evidences that certify the research hypothesis are envisaged and discussed in the context of globalisation and cosmopolitanism thoughts. The cosmopolitanism idea, with roots in the ancient world, is also used to associate the today’s globalisation concepts with the ancient ones. These concepts together with archaeological and historical evidences are clear indications that globalisation and cosmopolitanism thoughts have been introduced 1800 years ago in Iran; and indeed practiced on the relevant scale by Sasanians.  }, Keywords = {Globalisation,Cosmopolitanism,Sasanian Empire,Human Rights,Zoroastrianism}, volume = {6}, Number = {3}, pages = {31-55}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, url = {http://jhs.modares.ac.ir/article-25-1928-en.html}, eprint = {http://jhs.modares.ac.ir/article-25-1928-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Historical Sociology}, issn = {2322-1941}, eissn = {2476-6798}, year = {2014} } @article{ author = {velayati, Rahim}, title = {Studying the Buddhist Art based on the Archaeological History of the Central Asian Countries}, abstract ={This article seeks to answer this question that how the Buddist art could grow and develop in the Central Asian countries. The Muryan Empire of the Bactrian State (321-185 BC), in the mid-third century BC, tried to promote the Buddhist sect in the West. The Kushanas (near 100 BC) stablished a new civilization in the history of Bactria. Afterwards, the Kushanas Empire became the eastern neigbour of the Sasanian Empire. Then Kushanaz territory was conquered by the Sasanian Empire. From the sttelement period of the Central Asia Budhist, four kinds of art works have been discovered: 1) Graffiti; 2) Architecture of Buddhist temples; and 3) Buddhist iconography; and 4) Kushanas art and jewelery. The ancient city of Termez in the south of Uzbakistan has an important role in this sect as a main center of Buddhism. In the north part of Termez, in a place named “Qara Tepe”, of an anciant monastery have been discovered in including the Khalchyan palace. Afrasiab, Samarkand in Uzbekistan is the most important archaeological site that underscores the art works of this period. What connects Marve in the Sasanian Turkmenstan with the East is a stupa Buddhist temple built outside the wall of the city.}, Keywords = {Central Asia,Kushanas,Buddhist temples,Painting art,Iconographic art,Archaeology}, volume = {6}, Number = {3}, pages = {57-87}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, url = {http://jhs.modares.ac.ir/article-25-10860-en.html}, eprint = {http://jhs.modares.ac.ir/article-25-10860-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Historical Sociology}, issn = {2322-1941}, eissn = {2476-6798}, year = {2014} } @article{ author = {Veisi, Mahsa and HejebriNobari, Alireza and MousaviKouhpar, Seyed Mehdi and Neyestani, Jav}, title = {Historical Position of Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia (South Caucasus) in Achaemenid Administrative System}, abstract ={Caucasus region became a part of Achaemenid Empire during the Dariush attack to Scythian at 513-512 BC, and formed the northern border of the empire. Modern Georgia, Azerbaijan and Armenia, which generally form the south Caucasus countries, have been part of Achaemenid subordinate nations. In the official lists of Achaemenid satrapies, only the name of Armenia, has been noted and the administrative position of the other regions (Georgia and Azerbaijan) is less clear. The only written source that contains some information about this issue is Herodotus, and Archaeology data also shows that at the end of 6 century BC, major changes and innovations have been occurred in these regions as a result of Persian attendance. According to archaeological data, the most notably are Achaemenid type palaces with bell shaped column bases. Based on Herodotus records and other cultural material, western Armenia was a part of the 18th satrapy, eastern Armenia was a part of the13th satrapy, and Azerbaijan belonged to the 11th satrapy in Herodotus list. Also western Georgia (i.e. Colchis) was not directly a satrapy, and at the extremity border of Achaemenid Empire, had undertaken protecting the north border of the empire against the Scythians, attacks. Although eastern Georgia (i.e. Iberia) was a part of  the 11th or 18th satrapy in Herodotus list. In general, the aim of this study is to investigate the administrative position of  modern Georgia, Azerbaijan and Armenia in the Achaemeniansatrapal system based on archaeological data. The methodology of this research is based on library research and field visiting of the areas in question.}, Keywords = {Achaemenids,Caucasus,Administrative Position,Satrapy,Colchis}, volume = {6}, Number = {3}, pages = {89-112}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, url = {http://jhs.modares.ac.ir/article-25-8140-en.html}, eprint = {http://jhs.modares.ac.ir/article-25-8140-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Historical Sociology}, issn = {2322-1941}, eissn = {2476-6798}, year = {2014} } @article{ author = {Rezaloo, Reza and Ayramloo, Yahy}, title = {Horse Interment in Scythian Tribes Case Stuty: Khoram Abad Cemetery in Meshgin Shahr}, abstract ={Scythians were one of the most important tribes who occupied many parts of the Central Asia, West Asia, North and South Caucasia, and Northwest of Iran in the first millennium BC. The most striking feature, of the Scythian culture was the magnificent funeral of the Princess. Horse is among the sacred animals that have a specialy veneration in different cultures; this honor in the Scythian nation’s culture has appeared as sacrifice of it for Scythian Princess. In Central Asia and North Caucasia, many tombs were found from the Scythians with numerous horses that all of them have been burked and buried insid or on the top of the Scythian magnifico graves. Scythians during their entry into Western Asia conquered parts of the north-west of Iran in the Median period at the first millennium BC. Recently, a unique Scythian interment was obtained in a cemetery in Meshgin Shahr city with a striking characteristic of horse burials, like the other Scythian interments. In the present paper, we will discuss the features of Scythian interments in Khoram Abad cemetery based on historical and archaeological sources and with regard to the overall characteristics of the Scythian burial ceremony.}, Keywords = {Scythian tribes,Scythian interment,Horse burial,Khoram Abad cemetery}, volume = {6}, Number = {3}, pages = {113-144}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, url = {http://jhs.modares.ac.ir/article-25-1662-en.html}, eprint = {http://jhs.modares.ac.ir/article-25-1662-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Historical Sociology}, issn = {2322-1941}, eissn = {2476-6798}, year = {2014} } @article{ author = {Khosravi, Leila and MousaviKouhpar, Seyed Mehdi and Neyestani, Javad and HejebriNobari, Alirez}, title = {Analysis of the Application and form of Kalmakareh Golden Masks}, abstract ={Kalmakareh treasure was accidentally explored by a rural hunter from the Kalmakareh cave in 1989. The cave is Located in the north west of Poldokhtar City in Loristanprovice. The treasure includes different types of vessels like rhytons, human and animal statues, masks, plaques, bracelets, etc. Based on the previous studies, the treasure belongs to Neo-Elamite period (1th millennium BC). These objects bear archaeological significance and enjoy unique value, with recpect to Neo-Elamite inscriptions in some of them. Deciphering theses incscriptions by Lambert, F.Vallat and RassoulBashash, and archaeological analysis by Leila Khosravi shed light on an anonymous local governorship of the Neo-Elamite, and provided a New chapter in the archaeological studies of this particular period in the west of Iran. Except a few number of masks made of gold, the rest objects of this collection were nade of silver. It seems that, because of being as a scale for trade at the time, the artisans deliberately applied silver to produce kalmakareh treasure. The authors aim to present an analytical study on the golden masks of the treasure, and slso compare them with the same types produced in other cultures.  }, Keywords = {Golden masks,Kalmakareh cave,Poldokhtar,Luristan,Neo-Elamite}, volume = {6}, Number = {3}, pages = {145-170}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, url = {http://jhs.modares.ac.ir/article-25-5435-en.html}, eprint = {http://jhs.modares.ac.ir/article-25-5435-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Historical Sociology}, issn = {2322-1941}, eissn = {2476-6798}, year = {2014} } @article{ author = {MousaviHaji, Seyyed Rasool and Taghavi, Abed and Aryanpour, Babak and Farzin, Sam}, title = {A Study on the Reasons of Sasanian Decline and Fall According to the First Islamic Centuries, Historian Sources}, abstract ={Sassanid reign, as one of the most powerful Iranian dynasties, lasted for over four centuries before the Arab Moslems’ attack to Iran. The great Sassanid government managed to convert the Feudal Iran of Parthian era into a united and strong country thanks to its central government and Zoroastrianism nationalism; this not only recreated political power but also hugely revolutionized the cultural and social issues in Iran. However, different factors, after a while, led to the gradual weakness and suppression of this dynasty before the Arab Moslems’ attack. In this research, auditing the historians of all these four centuries of the early Islamic era including Abou- HanifehDinvari, Yaghoubi, Masoudi, Tabari, and EbneMoskouyeh exactly and from all aspects, many attempts have been made to figure out and analyze the reasons of this gradual weakness and overthrown of Sassanid Reign the emnloying a historical-descriptive method. The results of this research reveal that in the view of the historians of all these four centuries of the early Islamic era, the following factors were the most crucial reasons of Sassanid’s downfall and defeat before the Arab Moslems: religious prejudice, high position of Zoroastrian clergymen, well-borns’ increasing power, massacre of the royal family by Shirouyeh, the last Sassanid kings’ lack of authority, a military coup against the kings, long exhausting overseas battles, especially the constant wars against the Rome Empires, toppling the Ale-Lakhm by KhosrouParviz, economic pressures on people and heavy taxes, natural disasters like the Tigris and Euphrates rivers bursting their banks, and hidden helps.}, Keywords = {Sassanid,Decline factors,Dinvari,Yaghoubi,Masoudi}, volume = {6}, Number = {3}, pages = {171-210}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, url = {http://jhs.modares.ac.ir/article-25-7360-en.html}, eprint = {http://jhs.modares.ac.ir/article-25-7360-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Historical Sociology}, issn = {2322-1941}, eissn = {2476-6798}, year = {2014} } @article{ author = {Khorashadi, Sorur and VahdatiNasab, Hame}, title = {The Mystery of Long-lasting Quarrel between Narseh and Bahrams: A Cultural Anthropology Perspective}, abstract ={Selecting crown prince has always been an ambiguous enigma in the Sassanid era. Crown prince nomination had been a matter of debates and sometimes quarrels amongst the royal family, the Magi, and the powerful feudals. According to the primogeniture law, in the Sassanid dynasty, crown prince was a position dedicated to the eldest son. However, documents indicate that sometimes the King himself decided to choose a younger son as his successor. One of the most challenging examples of such exceptional cases is the long-lasting quarrel between Narseh and Bahrams (Bahram I, II, and III) for grasping throne, which lasted for three decades. Naresh (youngest son of Shapur I) clearly violated the Primogeniture law and claimed throne over his older brother (Bahram I) and his successors for more than three decades. This research is trying to answer some key questions in this matter: why did Prince Narseh violate the Primogeniture law and claim the power for about three decades? What were his justifications in pursuing the power? Why did he insist on his solicitation? Here we represent another crucial element in selecting crown prince in the Sassanid dynasty, which is called “blood purity”. This law indicates that princes with double - sided pure blood (paternal and maternal) might have been preferred to the elder ones. This research is based on comparative analysis of historical documents, ethnographic studies, and archaeological data via psyco-anthropological view. It seems that in the Sassanid era, the law of “Royal Biternality” or “Royal Bilateral Descent” was superior to the law of “Primogeniture”.}, Keywords = {Narseh,Bahrams,Descent right,Marrying family members,Cultural anthropology}, volume = {6}, Number = {3}, pages = {211-263}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, url = {http://jhs.modares.ac.ir/article-25-9370-en.html}, eprint = {http://jhs.modares.ac.ir/article-25-9370-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Historical Sociology}, issn = {2322-1941}, eissn = {2476-6798}, year = {2014} }